Role of β-type natriuretic peptide as predictor of early post-operative outcomes in Chinese patients undergoing anesthesia
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess whether pre-operative and post-operative B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels could be used as the predictor of post-operative complications in Chinese patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. A total of 80 adult patients were analyzed. Blood sample to measure BNP was collected from each patient before and after surgery to assess the relationship of pre-operative BNP with all possible clinical outcomes. Elevated BNP levels were associated with prolonged hospital stay and mortality. Our study results suggested that the high levels of BNP predict the prolong hospital stay, increased mortality, and increased usage of balloon pump. Also results suggested that the BNP is one of the key predictors of early post-operative outcomes in Chinese patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia.
Introduction
Prediction of early post-operative outcomes is one of the important concerns in current medical practice. For the optimal care and success of medical treatment, prediction of outcome of diseases condition after treatment or surgery with some accuracy plays a vital role in achieving success of medical intervention. Early prediction in outcome helps to improve healing potentials, and give chance to take decision about the future treatments and care intensity and to avoid ineffective diagnostic procedure. Moreover, the understanding of forthcoming consequences of patients’ illness is the mainstay of the regaining process (Grassi et al., 2011; Aspromonte et al., 2008; Cohen-Solal et al., 2009; Morrow et al., 2005; Ang et al., 2009).
In the emergency setting, clinical decision based on the patient’s condition has high impact on mortality and death among patients of critical illness. There are several methods used in critical care unit to predict the early outcome of patient condition, the simplified acute physiology score method is the most reliable tools to predict the outcome. The key limitation of this method includes: Time-consuming method, chances of bias conclusion if there are multiple variables and giving worst values during first 24 hours when the most critical decisions to be made. Thus, there is a need of very simple and effective tool which provides rapid and accurate results (Ang et al., 2009; Cavallazzi et al., 2008; Sanchez et al., 2010; Lancellotti et al., 2010; Shah et al., 2007; Ikonomidis et al., 2010).
Recently, B natriuretic peptide (BNP) is known to provide a good prediction of outcome in cardiovascular disorders which includes failure of heart, acute coronary diseases, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary emboli of lungs. Apart from the cardiac pathologies, it also indicated in other condition which needs critical care or immediate attention (Ang et al., 2009; Cavallazzi et al., 2008; Sanchez et al., 2010; Lancellotti et al., 2010; Shah et al., 2007; Ikonomidis et al., 2010; Noveanu et al., 2009; Mair et al., 1999). It has been observed that BNP levels were high among the patients with life threading conditions. Few studies demonstrated that the levels of BNF predicted the post-operative complication in terms of mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery (Mair et al., 1999; Struthers, 1994; Morrison et al., 2002; Harrison et al., 2002). In contrast to this, there are few studies which reported variation in response of BNP, possibly due to the age factor or severity factor of cardiac diseases. Since causes of few clinical conditions are complex and uncertain although many efforts were taken to discover the possible reasons.
The role of BNP was not yet evaluated in Chinese patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether pre- and post-operative BNP levels could be used as predictor of post-operative complications in Chinese patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia.
Materials and Methods
This pilot, single center, prospective observational study was conducted on 80 adult patients. The patients were of either gender with age between 20 to 65 years who met the Grade I or II criteria of American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA), and underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia. Inclusion criteria were the patients’ need urgent surgical intervention, meeting with ASA Grade II or more criteria. Those were not willing to join this observational study were excluded during screening phase of our study.
Study coordinator explained the study protocol to each patient who agreed to participate in this study. Written inform consent was taken from each patient or their relative to participate in this trial. During screening phase, all the identified patients who were admitted in our hospital for scheduled surgery were undergone laboratory investigation to confirm their suitability as per our study protocol. Each patient was instructed to complete the medical and family history which was required as per this study protocol before the start of surgery. Data related to the surgical intertion during surgery were captured in case report form of each patient.
Blood samples (5 mL) were obtained from the patients both before and after operation. Blood was collected into a tube containing potassium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Samples were analyzed for the BNP levels using a fluorescence immunoassay kit (Biosite Diagnostics, USA). The precision and sensitivity of this kit have been previously described (Wieczorek et al., 2002). Blood samples were drawn for BNP analysis after patients rested for 30 min. The venous samples were placed into chilled EDTA tubes and placed on ice. After centrifugation, the plasma samples were stored at -80ºC until assay. All data were collected subsequently. The outcome of interest measured after surgery were: Post-operative adverse events including any cardiac events (each suspected symptom was monitored), cardiac arrhythmia; dependence of ventilator after 48 hours of surgery; time of intensive care support or stay in ICU; total days of hospitalization or hospital stay (longer or shorter); readmission; mortality or morbidity in 30 days or 1 year after surgery; requirement of medicines for any suspected events after surgery.
Since this study was a pilot observational study, no formal sample size calculation was performed. However, we planned to include at least 70 Chinese patients in this study. Descriptive statistics was used for demographic and baseline characteristics. Correlations between BNP levels and outcome of interest in patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were done using Pearson’s correlation. Statistical analysis was performed using version 6.2 of GraphPad Prism.
Results
We identified a total of the 100 medical records of patients during March 2015 to March 2016 who were recommended for elective surgery including cardiac surgery at the time of their consultation. Of these, a total of 80 patients agreed to participate in this study, and willing to provide data as required by the study. The majority of the enrolled patients were males (n=64) with mean (SD) age of 44 (3.2) year who were admitted during March 2015 to March 2016 were studied (Table I).
Table I: Clinical characteristic of patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia
| Variable | n = 80 |
|---|---|
| Age, year, Mean | 44 |
| Male/female, n | 64/16 |
| BMI (kg/m2), Mean | 25.4 |
| Pre-operative ejection fraction (%) | 53.2 |
| Myocardial infraction in last six month, n | 8 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n | 76 |
| Renal insufficiency, n | 8 |
| Under went angiography followed by angioplasty, n | 30 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases, n | 10 |
| Bypass surgery, n | 65 |
| Valve replacement, n | 10 |
| Septal defect, n | 8 |
The majority of patients underwent cardiac surgery with pre-operative ejection fraction was 53.2%. Of the total eligible patients, 10% of patients had myocardial infarction during the last six month before surgical intervention. The most common concomitant disease was type 2 diabetes mellitus which was observed almost in 95% patients, and all these patients were depended on insulin. A total of 10% of patients had renal insufficiency. A total of 38% of patients had angiography followed by angioplasty with the placement of drug eluting stents. Of the total, 13% of patients had cerebrovascular diseases. The majority of patients underwent bypass surgery (81%), followed by surgery related to valve replacement (13%) and septal defect (10%). The patients who underwent bypass surgery, for them the total mean time of completing procedure was 130 min. A small number of patients had change in heart rate profile and few had mild elevation of cardiac enzyme which could be most probably due to incidence of angina pectoris or myocardial infarction.
Among the patients with high BNP levels, most of the patients stay in ICU for more than 5 days with ventilator access of more than 2 days (Table II). The majority of the patients had at least 1 or more cardiac events after surgical intervention among the patients with high BNP levels. Reintubation was performed for few of them. Readmission due to cardiac related complication was observed in 13% of patients. Few patients have used balloon pump after surgery. The incidence of mortality within 30 days after surgery was in 5% of patients, whereas the mortality incidence after 1 year of surgery was noted in 11% of patients, which is more than double than the 30 days period. A total of 17 patients (21%) were stayed in hospital for more than 10 days.
Table II: Clinical outcome among the patients with high BNP levels
| Variable | n = 80 |
|---|---|
| Bypass procedure time, min, Mean (SD) | 130 (23) |
| Hospital stay after surgery, day, Mean (SD) | 8.2 (5) |
| Patients with arrhythmia, n | 12 |
| Patients with elevation of cardiac enzyme, n | 14 |
| ICU stays more than 5 days, n | 66 |
| Ventilator stay more than 2 days, n | 73 |
| Reintubation, n | 19 |
| Readmission, n | 10 |
| Mortality within 30 days, n | 4 |
| Mortality within 1 year, n | 9 |
| Hospital stay more than 10 days, n | 17 |
Table III shows the relationship between pre-operative BNP levels with all clinical outcomes such as ejection fraction, days stay in hospital after surgery, age, number of coronary blood vessels joined, bypass surgery time. The high levels of BNP levels were associated with the prolong hospital stay, increased mortality, and increased usage of balloon pump.
Table III: Correlations between pre-operative BNP levels and outcome of interest in patients
| Variables | Correlations coefficient | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.08 | >0.05 |
| Ejection fraction | 0.29 | <0.05 |
| Hospital stay after surgery | 0.32 | <0.05 |
| Number of blood vessels corrected | 0.02 | >0.05 |
| Mortality within 30 days | 0.09 | >0.05 |
| Mortality within 1 year | 0.12 | >0.05 |
| Bypass procedure time | 0.10 | >0.05 |
| Readmission | 0.09 | >0.05 |
| Usage of balloon pump | 0.33 | <0.05 |
| p value was calculated by Pearson’s correlation test | ||
Discussion
In our study, we found the relationship between pre-operative BNP with all clinical outcomes such as ejection fraction, days stay in hospital after surgery, age, number of coronary blood vessels joined, number of pre-operative coronary blood vessels, bypass surgery time. Among all these variables, we found there was higher correlation of ejection fraction and number of days stayed in hospital with BNP levels. Also there was positive correlation between usage of balloon pump and BNP levels. The relationship between all of them was found positive weak relationship, but the difference was statistically significant. The patients who utilize the balloon pump, and stayed in hospital for more than 10 days had high levels of BNP as compared to the patients who stayed shorter in hospital and have not used the balloon pump. This indicates that the high levels of BNP associated with longer hospitalization stay and increased usage of balloon pump. We also observed that the incidence of mortality was significantly higher in patients whose pre-operative BNP was higher as compared to the patients whose pre-operative BNP was lesser. This indicates that the higher BNP levels predict higher mortality than in patients with lower pre-operative BNP levels. For other outcomes of measure, there was no statically significant difference between outcomes and pre-operative BNP levels.
Our study is the first pilot study suggests the role of pre-operative BNP levels as predictor of early post-operative outcomes in Chinese patients undergoing anesthesia. The study was designed as pilot study and conducted at single study center in China (limitation of study). Therefore, the present findings cannot be generalized to the overall Chinese population. Based on the study results, we suggest for conducting large multicentric randomized clinical study in future to generalize our findings.
Conclusion
The high levels of BNP predict prolong hospital stay, increased mortality, and increased usage of balloon pump in Chinese patients undergoing elective surgery under anesthesia. This study results support the hypothesis that BNP is one of the key predictors of early post-operative outcomes in Chinese patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia.
Ethical Issue
This study and study protocol was reviewed and approved by institutional ethics committee of Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China. All the ethical principles which are laid down in Helsinki Declaration of 1964, as revised in 2013 were followed.
Acknowledgements
All authors would like to thank the subjects for their participation in this study.
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