Synthesis of some bis-triazole derivatives as probes for cytotoxicity study
Abstract
A series of bis–[4-N-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] alkanes (1a-e) and their Schiff bases with 2-adamantanone (2a-d) and bis – [1, 2, 4-triazolo [3, 4-b] - 1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-4-yl] alkanes (3a-e) have been synthesized with high yields. The cytotoxicity study of these newly synthesized compounds against brine shrimp lethality test as well as Structure activity relationship (SAR) has been discussed.
Introduction
Triazoles are five membered heterocyclic compounds having three nitrogen atoms. They are of two types:
If two triazole units are linked by carbon atoms, then they form bis-triazole. Various 1,2,4-triazols are found to be linked with diverse pharmacological activities (Hirota et al., 1991; Yale and Piala, 1966; Andotra and Sharma, 1988). The 1,2,4-triazol nucleus has been incorporated into a wide variety of therapeutically interesting drug candidates including H1/H2 histamine receptor blockers, cholinesterase active agents, CNS stimulants, antianxiety agents and sedative (Heindel and Reid, 1980). It was also found that the thiadiazoline nucleus which incorporates a toxophoric N-C-S linkage exhibits a large number of biological activities. A number of 1,3,4-thiadiazoline possessed antibacterial properties comparable with sulphonamide drugs (Omar and Aboul-Wafa, 1986). Subsequently, thiadiazole derivatives have found applications as antitumour agents, pesticides, dyes, lubricants and analytical reagents (Lubrizol Corp, 1981).
Encouraged by the varied biological activities of 1,2,4-triazoles and in continuation of our work on the synthesis of N-bridged heterocycles derived from bis-triazoles (Holla et al., 1988), a series of bis-[4-N-amino-5-mercaptotriazol-3-yl] alkanes were synthesized and their schiff bases were prepared by condensing them with 2-adamantanone in DMF-ethanol in the presence of concentrated H2SO4. Further, the some of the bis-triazoles were cyclised with various amino acids using phosphorous oxychloride (POCl3) (Scheme 1). All of these newly synthesized compounds were characterized with the help of spectral data analysis and all of the synthesized compounds were screened for their cytotoxicity properties by brine shrimp lethality bioassay (Meyer et al., 1982).
The obligatory bis-[4-N-amino-5-mercapto-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl] alkanes, 1a-e were synthesized by the direct fusion of dicarboxylic acids (n = 1-5) with thiocarbohydrazide (Scheme 1). Then these bis-triazolylalkanes, 1a-e were converted into their respective Schiff bases, 2a-d by condensing them with 2-adamantanone in the presence of few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. Finally, the cyclisation of bis-triazolylalakanes with various amino acids using phosphorous oxychloride afforded bis–[1,2,4-triazolo [3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-4-yl] alkanes, 3a-e. The structures of compounds 1a-e, 2a-d and 3a-e were confirmed on the basis of IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral data analysis.
Scheme 1
Materials and Methods
All melting points were recorded by thin disk method on a “Fischer Johns†electrothermal melting point apparatus and are not corrected. Infrared spectra were recorded on DR-8001, SHI-MADZU FT-IR spectrophotometer as a solid which was finely grounded in a small agate mortar with a drop of nujol (liquid hydrocarbon) as a mull and also in KBr disk. 1H-NMR spectra were measured by WP 400-NMR spectrometer, deuterated solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6), methanol (CD3OD) and also chloroform (CDCl3) were used as solvents and the chemical shifts were quoted as δ-value relative to tetramethyl silane (TMS, δ = O) as an internal standard. The 13C-NMR spectra were measured by WP 50 NMR spectrometer. The purity of compounds was checked by TLC on silica gel plates and iodine was used as a visualizing agent.
Bis-(4-N-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) alkanes, 1a-e
A mixture of dicarboxylic acids (malonic acid, succinic acid, gluteric acid, adipic acid, palmilic acid) and thiocarbohydrazide in the ratio of 1:2 contained in a 100 mL. round-bottom flask was heated in an oil bath until the contents melted. The mixture was maintained at melting temperature for 15-20 min. The product obtained on cooling was treated with sodium bicarbonate solution to dissolve the unreacted dicarboxylic acid if any. It was then washed with water and collected by filtration. The product was recrystallised from a mixture of dimethylformamide and water to afford the title compounds 1a-e and characterized spectroscopically. The melting points, yields and IR data of the compounds, 1a-e are given in Table I.
Table I: Physical and spectral data of compounds
| Compounds | n | Yield(%) |
m.p.(°C) |
Nature of compounds | IR(cm-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-a | 1 | 80 | 240-245 | White crystal | 3315&3298(Ï…N-H),2926 & 2855 (Ï…C-H,aliphatic),2359(Ï…S-H),1600 (Ï…C=N). |
| 1-b | 2 | 85 | 280-282 | White crystalline solid | 3315&3155(Ï…N-H),2924 & 2855(Ï…C-H,aliphatic),2361(Ï…S-H),1595 (Ï…C=N). |
| 1-c | 3 | 75 | 240-242 | White crystalline solid | 3310&3295(Ï…N-H),2925 & 2855(Ï…C-H,aliphatic),2359(Ï…S-H),1598 (Ï…C=N). |
| 1-d | 4 | 80 | 250-252 | White crystalline solid | 3325&3285(Ï…N-H), 2924& 2855 (Ï…C-H,aliphatic),2361(Ï…S-H),1590 (Ï…C=N). |
| 1-e | 5 | 78 | 215-217 | White crystalline solid | 3244&3200(Ï…N-H), 2928& 2856 (Ï…C-H,aliphatic),2360(Ï…S-H),1600 (Ï…C=N). |
| 2-a | 1 | 60 | 265-270 | White crystalline solid | 2926&2855(Ï…C-H,aliphatic),2359 (Ï…S-H),1608(Ï…C=N). |
| 2-b | 2 | 65 | 255-257 | White crystalline solid | 2924&2855(Ï…C-H,aliphatic),2359 (Ï…S-H),1635(Ï…C=N). |
| 2-c | 3 | 75 | 208-210 | White crystalline solid | 2926&2855(Ï…C-H,aliphatic),2359 (Ï…S-H),1608(Ï…C=N). |
| 2-d | 5 | 79 | 235-237 | White crystalline solid | 2928&2853(Ï…C-H,aliphatic),2361 (Ï…S-H), 1615(Ï…C=N). |
| 3-a | 1 | 60 | 210-215 | Gray crystalline solid | 3315(Ï…N-H),3100(Ï…C-H,aromatic), 2924&2855(Ï…C-H,aliphatic), 1593(Ï…C=N),1508 (Ï…C=C, aromatic). |
| 3-b | 5 | 65 | 165-168 | Gray crystalline solid | 3240( Ï…N-H), 3092 (Ï…C-H,aromatic), 2952&2865(Ï…C-H,aliphatic),1599 (Ï…C=N),1600&1508(Ï…C=C,aromatic). |
| 3-c | 5 | 74 | 250-252 | Brown crystalline solid | 3240 (Ï…N-H), 3100 (Ï…C-H, aromatic), 2924&2855(Ï…C-H,aliphatic),1687 (Ï…C=N),1600&1500(Ï…C=C, aromatic. |
| 3-d | 1 | 60 | 210-212 | Gray crystalline solid | 3240(Ï…N-H/OH),3092(Ï…C-H, aromatic),2952&2860(Ï…C-H, aliphatic),1599(Ï…C=N),1600&1500 (Ï…C=C, aromatic). |
Bis-[4-N-(adamantyl) imino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] alkanes, 2a-d
A mixture of bis-[4-N-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] alkanes, 1-a, 1-b, 1-c and 1-e and 2-adamantanone in the ratio of 1:2 in dimethylformamide + ethanol (5 + 15 mL) media was heated under reflux on an oil bath for 4-5 hours after the addition of a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. The solid mass obtained on cooling the reaction mixture was collected by filtration and recrystallised from dimethylformamide to obtain schiff bases, 2a-d and characterized spectroscopically.
Bis-(6-phenylalanino/tryptopheno/tyrosino-1,2,4- triazolo-[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-4-yl) alkanes, 3a-e
A three-necked quick fit flask was fitted with a dropping funnel and a condenser. To a mixture of 1-a/phenylalanine, 1-e/phenylalanine, 1-e/tryptophan, 1-a/tyrosine, 1-d/tyrosine and phosphorus oxychloride was added and the con-tents were heated under reflux for 2 hours on an oil bath. Excess of phosphorus oxychloride was then distilled off and the residue was poured onto crushed ice and stirred well. These were then washed with sodium bicarbonate solution (5%) and the resulting solids were then washed with water and recrystallised from dimethylformamide to obtain the compounds 3a-e respectively and characterized spectroscopically.
Screening test
Because of the continuing interest of bis-triazoles derivatives, we conducted cytotoxicity investigation of the newly synthesized compounds by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the test results show significant activity, as recorded in Table II.
Table II: Cytotoxicity study of newly synthesized compounds
| Tested compounds | Concentration (μg/mL) | Percentage of mortality | LC50 (μg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a-e | 50 100 150 |
16.66 42.86 50.00 |
2.40 | |
| 2-a(n=1) | 50 100 150 |
86.15 81.82 92.86 |
1.20 |
|
| 2-b(n=2) | 50 100 150 |
56.25 85.71 92.86 |
1.15 | |
| 2-c(n=3) | 50 100 150 |
69.23 87.50 100.00 |
1.10 | |
| 2-d(n=5) | 50 100 150 |
91.66 93.33 100.00 |
1.05 | |
|
3-a (n=1, R=C6H5) |
50 100 150 |
42.85 66.67 100.00 |
1.40 | |
 |
3-b (n=5, R=C6H5) |
50 100 150 |
73.33 100.00 100.00 |
1.05 |
|
3-c (n=5, R=C8H5NH) |
50 100 150 |
66.67 100.00 100.00 |
1.05 | |
| 3-d(n=1, R=C6H4OH) | 50 100 150 |
63.64 91.67 100.00 |
1.10 | |
| 3-e(n=4, R=C6H4OH) | 50 100 150 |
53.33 86.67 100.00 |
1.10 | |
LC50
The LC50 of an agent is the concentration, which will kill, or inactive 50% of the test animal. LC50 is inversely proportional to the toxicity of a compound, i.e. the lower is the LC50, the higher is the cytotoxicity.
Structural activity relationship (SAR) according to the brine shrimp lethality test
The chemical structure of a drug is important as the relatively minor modification in the drug molecule may result a major change in pharmacological properties. This does not mean that changes in molecular configuration always alter all actions and effects of drug. So we have been able to recognize the functional groups/ring and determine which one is important. By synthesizing different compounds, one particular group of the molecule is removed or altered, to find out which groups are essential for biological activity and which are not. In this study we have the following results:
(1) The compounds, 1a-e having free amino (NH2) groups showing very little cytotoxic activity.
(2) The schiff bases like 2-b, 2-c and 2-d have very good cytotoxic activity. That is, these compounds may act as potent cytotoxic agents. It should be mentioned here that, as the chain length increases, the cytotoxic activity also increases, i.e., the big molecule can easily interact with the DNA molecule.
(3) The compounds containing amino acid moiety such as, compounds 3b-e have very high cytotoxic activity.
Result and Discussion
All the newly synthesized compounds analyzed satisfactory for their nitrogen content. Characterization of the compounds was done on the basis of spectral analysis, The IR spectrum of compound 1-b shown absorption bands at 3315 and 3155 cm-1 indicating the presence of primary amino (R-NH2) group in the molecule. The band at 1685 cm-1 indicating the presence of C=N in the ring and the band at 2361 cm-1 corresponded the SH functional group in the molecule. In 1H-NMR spectrum of the com-pound, 1-b the methylene protons (CH2) appear as a singlet at δH 5.6, relatively a higher value which may be due to the anisotropic effect of the C=N group. The singlet at δH 3.4 arises due to labile protons in NH2. The singlet at δH 2.5 appear due to the proton in SH. In 13C-NMR spectrum of the synthesized compound 1-b, clearly indicated the three signals at δ 13C 21.223, 151.2 and 165.3 corresponded to the nonequivalent carbons respectively.
The IR spectrum of the Schiff base, 2-b did not show any absorption bands corresponding to the NH stretching frequencies of the parent triazolyl-alakane, 1-b. However, a sharp absorption band was seen around 1576 cm-1, corresponding to the C=N linkage. The band at 2359 cm-1 corresponded to the υS-H stretching. In the 1H-NMR spectrum, the two labile protons in SH appeared as a singlet at δH 3.4, relatively a higher value which may be due to the electron withdrawing effect of nitrogen atoms (electronegativity 3.5). The CH2 protons appeared as a triplet at δH 2.5 which may be due to the coupling with neighboring CH2 protons. The adamantyl protons appear as multiplets at δH 2.0-1.6. In 13C-NMR spectrum of the synthesized compound 2-b, clearly indicated the signals at δ 13C 20.4, 150.2, 165.5 and 161.6 and also δ 13C 26-34 corresponded to the nonequivalent carbons respectively.
In the IR Spectrum of the synthesized com-pounds 3a-e, the absorption band around at 1593 cm-1 come into sight due to the presence of Ï…C=N stretching in the ring. At 2360 cm-1 did not show any absorption bands corresponding to the SH stretching frequencies of the parent triazolylalkanes, 1a-e, confirmed the involvement of the SH groups of the parent bis-triazoles in the cyclisation. In the IR spectra of the cyclised products, 3a-e, the absorption band corresponding to the carbonyl stretching frequency (due to COOH groups) was absent, which again gave a conclusive evidence for the cyclisation.
In our present research work, the synthesized compounds were investigated for their property as cytotoxic agents by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Among these compounds 2-b, 2-c, 2-d, 3-b, 3-c, 3-d and 3-e were found to be very active and compounds 2-a, 3-a were moderately active and compounds 1a-e shown very poor activity against brine shrimp.
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