Anti-fibrotic activity of medicinal plants

  • Usman Akhtar Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Mobasher Ahmad Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v12i4.32947

Abstract

The aim of this review is to report the medicinal plants which have anti- fibrotic effect characterized in different studies. They are summarized which include name of the plants, part used, liver fibrosis model, fraction of plant used and observations. The medicinal plants play an important role in treatment and prevention of liver fibrosis through different physiological mechanism. The effects of medicinal plant may delay the development of liver fibrosis and have potential to reverse or degrade the accumulation of extra cellular matrix. Four different databases are used and 18 plants are included which have the potential for reversal of liver fibrosis. There are also few more plants but they are not characterized well in literature.

References

Abdel-Aziz G, Lebeau G, Rescan P, Clement B, Rissel M, Deugnier Y, Campion J, Guillouzo A. Reversibility of hepatic fibrosis in experimentally-induced cholestasis in rat. Am J Pathol. 1990; 137: 1333.

Aguiyi JC, Obi CI, Gang SS, Igweh AC. Hypoglycaemic acti-vity of Ocimum gratissimum in rats. Fitoterapia 2000; 71: 444-46.

Alvarez A, Pomar F, Sevilla M, Montero M. Gastric anti-secretory and antiulcer activities of an ethanolic extract of Bidens pilosa L var radiata Schult Bip. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 67: 333-40.

Amin A, Mahmoud-Ghoneim D. Zizyphus spina-christi protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009; 47: 2111-19.

Andradeâ€Neto VF, Brandão MG, Oliveira FQ, Casali VW, Njaine B, Zalis MG, Oliveira LA, Krettli AU. Antimalarial activity of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) ethanol extracts from wild plants collected in various localities or plants cultivated in humus soil. Phytother Res. 2004; 18: 634-39.

Arthur MJ. Reversibility of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis follow-ing treatment for hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1525-28.

Bataller R, Brenner DA. Liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 2005; 115: 209-18.

Benyon R, Iredale J. Is liver fibrosis reversible? Gut 2000; 46: 443-46.

Can A, Akev N, Ozsoy N, Bolkent S, Arda BP, Yanardag R, Okyar A. Effect of Aloe vera leaf gel and pulp extracts on the liver in type-II diabetic rat models. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004; 27: 694-98.

Capdevielle-Pardies P, David J, Miquel J, Le Bras M. Quid of betel. Med Trop. 1985; 45: 299-307.

Chandan B, Saxena A, Shukla S, Sharma N, Gupta D, Suri K, Suri J, Bhadauria M, Singh B. Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe barbadensis Mill. Against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 111: 560-66.

Chen JC, Tsai CC, Chen LD, Chen HH, Wang WC. Therapeutic effect of gypenoside on chronic liver injury and fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rats. Am J Chinese Med. 2000; 28:175-85.

Chen YH, Chiu YW, Shyu JC, Tsai CC, Lee HH, Hung CC, Hwang JM, Liu JY, Wang WH. Protective effects of Ocimum gratissimum polyphenol extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Chinese J Physiol. 2015; 58: 55-63.

Chen YJ. Potential role of tetrandrine in cancer therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2002; 23: 1102-06.

Chen YH, Chiu YW, Shyu JC, Tsai CC, Lee HH, Hung CC, Hwang JM, Liu JY, Wang WH. Protective effects of Ocimum gratissimum polyphenol extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Chinese J Physiol. 2015; 58: 55-63.

Cheng XF, Meng ZM, Chen ZL. A pyridine-type alkaloid from Mallotus apelta. Phytochemistry 1998; 49: 2193-94.

Cheng X, Di L, Wu Y, Zhao Q, Du G, Liu Y. Studies on the hypoglycemic effect of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. polysaccharides. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi= China J Chinese Materia Medica. 1993; 18: 557-59.

Choe KI, Kwon JH, Park KH, Oh MH, Kim MH, Kim HH, Cho SH, Chung EK, Ha SY, Lee MW. The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic compounds isolated from the root of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. BOR. Molecules 2012; 17: 11484-94.

Choi EM, Hwang JK. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-oxidant activities of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare. Fitoterapia 2004; 75: 557-65.

Choi HS, Kim HS, Min KR, Kim Y, Lim HK, Chang YK, Chung MW. Anti-inflammatory effects of fangchinoline and tetrandrine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69: 173-79.

Constandinou C, Henderson N, Iredale JP. Modeling liver fibrosis in rodents. In: Fibrosis Research. Springer, 2005, pp 237-50.

Delire B, Stärkel P, Leclercq I. Animal models for fibrotic liver diseases: What we have, what we need, and what is under development. J Clin Translational Hepatol. 2015; 3: 53.

Dimo T, Rakotonirina SV, Tan PV, Azay J, Dongo E, Cros G. Leaf methanol extract of Bidens pilosa prevents and attenua-tes the hypertension induced by high-fructose diet in Wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 83: 183-91.

Friedman SL, Bansal MB. Reversal of hepatic fibrosis: Fact or fantasy? Hepatology 2006; 43: S82-S8.

Gao Z, Huang K, Yang X, Xu H. Free radical scavenging and anti-oxidant activities of flavonoids extracted from the radix of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 1999; 1472: 643-50.

Gonzalez S, Fiel M, Sauk J, Canchis P, Liu RC, Chiriboga L, Yee H, Jacobson I, Talal A. Inverse association between hepatic stellate cell apoptosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2009; 16: 141-48.

Hammel P, Couvelard A, O'Toole D, Ratouis A, Sauvanet A, Fléjou JF, Degott C, Belghiti J, Bernades P, Valla D. Regre-ssion of liver fibrosis after biliary drainage in patients with chronic pancreatitis and stenosis of the common bile duct. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 418-23.

Herrera-Arellano A, Flores-Romero S, Chavez-Soto M, Torto-riello J. Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: A controlled and randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine 2004; 11: 375-82.

Hsu YC, Chiu YT, Cheng CC, Wu CF, Lin YL, Huang YT. Anti-fibrotic effects of tetrandrine on hepatic stellate cells and rats with liver fibrosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 22: 99-111.

Huang WH, Lee AR, Yang CH. Anti-oxidative and anti-infla-mmatory activities of polyhydroxyflavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006; 70: 2371-80.

Ji XY, Tan B, Zhu YZ. Salvia miltiorrhiza and ischemic dis-eases. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2000; 21: 1089-94.

Kim MH, Kim SI, Seo DW, Ryu JC, Choi HY. Anti-oxidant activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a novel foodstuff. Mol Cell Toxicol. 2010; 6: 65-72.

Kim SH, Cheon HJ, Yun N, Oh ST, Shin E, Shim KS, Lee SM. Protective effect of a mixture of Aloe vera and Silybum marianum against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepato-toxicity and liver fibrosis. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009; 109: 119.

Kim SH, Cheon HJ, Yun N, Oh ST, Shin E, Shim KS, Lee SM. Protective effect of a mixture of Aloe vera and Silybum marianum against carbon tetrachloride–induced acute hepa-totoxicity and liver fibrosis. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009; 109: 119-27.

Kisseleva T, Cong M, Paik Y, Scholten D, Jiang C, Benner C, Iwaisako K, Moore-Morris T, Scott B, Tsukamoto H. Myo-fibroblasts revert to an inactive phenotype during regression of liver fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109: 9448-53.

Krizhanovsky V, Yon M, Dickins RA, Hearn S, Simon J, Miething C, Yee H, Zender L, Lowe SW. Senescence of activated stellate cells limits liver fibrosis. Cell 2008; 134: 657-67.

Lee MW, Lee YA, Park HM, Toh SH, Lee EJ, Jang HD, Kim YH. Anti-oxidative phenolic compounds from the roots of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. Arch Pharm Res. 2000; 23: 455.

Lee TY, Wang GJ, Chiu JH, Lin HC. Longâ€term administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates carbon tetrachlorideâ€induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003; 55: 1561-68.

Li C, Luo J, Li L, Cheng M, Huang N, Liu J, Waalkes MP. The collagenolytic effects of the traditional Chinese medicine preparation, Han-Dan-Gan-Le, contribute to reversal of chemical-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Life Sci. 2003; 72: 1563-71.

Lim BO, Seong NS, Choue RW, Dal KIM J, Lee HY, Kim SY, Yu BP, Jeon TI, PARK DK. Supplementation on hepatic choles-terol and oxidative status in aged rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2003; 49: 292-96.

Lin JM, Lin CC, Chiu HF, Yang JJ, Lee SG. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and liver-protective effects of Anoectochilus formosanus, Ganoderma lucidum and Gynostemma pentaphyllum in rats. Am J Chinese Med. 1993; 21: 59-69.

Liu JY, Chen CC, Wang WH, Hsu JD, Yang MY, Wang CJ. The protective effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006; 44: 336-43.

Liu Y, Meyer C, Xu C, Weng H, Hellerbrand C, ten Dijke P, Dooley S. Animal models of chronic liver diseases. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013; 304: G449-68.

Mallet V, Gilgenkrantz H, Serpaggi J, Verkarre V, Vallet-Pichard A, Fontaine H, Pol S. Brief communication: The relationship of regression of cirrhosis to outcome in chronic hepatitis C. Annals Int Med. 2008; 149: 399-403.

Nakamura CV, Ueda-Nakamura T, Bando E, Melo AFN, Cortez DAG, Dias Filho BP. Antibacterial activity of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1999; 94: 675-78.

Nan JX, Jiang YZ, Park EJ, Ko G, Kim YC, Sohn DH. Protective effect of Rhodiola sachalinensis extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 84: 143-48.

Nan JX, Jiang YZ, Park EJ, Ko G, Kim YC, Sohn DH. Protective effect of Rhodiola sachalinensis extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 84: 143-48.

Nan JX, Park EJ, Kang HC, Park PH, Kim JY, Sohn DH. Anti-fibrotic effects of a hot-water extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza roots on liver fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001; 53: 197-204.

Nan JX, Park EJ, Kang HC, Park PH, Kim JY, Sohn DH. Antiâ€fibrotic effects of a hotâ€water extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza roots on liver fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001; 53: 197-204.

Nan JX, Park EJ, Kim YC, Ko G, Sohn DH. Scutellaria baicalensis inhibits liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation or carbon tetrachloride in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002; 54: 555-63.

Norton SA. Betel: Consumption and consequences. J Am Academ Dermatol. 1998; 38: 81-88.

Oktay M, Gülçin İ, Küfrevioğlu Öİ. Determination of in vitro anti-oxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2003; 36: 263-71.

Onyenekwe P, Ajani E, Ameh D, Gamaniel K. Antihyper-tensive effect of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx infusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats and a comparison of its toxicity with that in Wistar rats. Cell Biochem Function. 1999; 17: 199-206.

Özbek H, Ugras S, Bayram I, Uygan I, Erdogan E, Öztürk A, Huyut Z. Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil: A carbon-tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis model in rats. Scand J Lab Anim Sci. 2004; 31: 9-17.

Özbek H, Uğraş S, Dülger H, Bayram I, Tuncer I, Öztürk G, Öztürk A. Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil. Fitoterapia 2003; 74: 317-19.

Paik YH, Brenner DA. NADPH oxidase mediated oxidative stress in hepatic fibrogenesis. Korean J Hepatol. 2011; 17: 251-57.

Paik YH, Kim J, Aoyama T, De Minicis S, Bataller R, Brenner DA. Role of NADPH oxidases in liver fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014; 20: 2854-72.

Paik YH, Kim J, Aoyama T, De Minicis S, Bataller R, Brenner DA. Role of NADPH oxidases in liver fibrosis. Anti-oxidants and redox signaling. 2014; 20: 2854-72.

Pan TL, Wang PW, Leu YL, Wu TH, Wu TS. Inhibitory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis extract on hepatic stellate cells through inducing G 2/M cell cycle arrest and activating ERK-dependent apoptosis via Bax and caspase pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 139: 829-37.

Park EJ, Nan JX, Kim JY, Kang HC, Choi JH, Lee SJ, Lee BH, Kim SJ, Lee JH, Kim YC. The ethanolâ€soluble part of a hotâ€water extract from Artemisia iwayomogi inhibits liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000; 52: 875-81.

Park PH, Nan JX, Park EJ, Kang HC, Kim JY, Ko G, Sohn DH. Effect of tetrandrine on experimental hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation and scission in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2000; 87: 261-68.

Park PH, Nan JX, Park EJ, Kang HC, Kim JY, Ko G, Sohn DH. Effect of tetrandrine on experimental hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation and scission in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2000; 87: 261-68.

Pawlowska AM, Camangi F, Bader A, Braca A. Flavonoids of Zizyphus jujuba L. and Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Willd (Rhamnaceae) fruits. Food Chem. 2009; 112: 858-62.

Pellicoro A, Ramachandran P, Iredale JP, Fallowfield JA. Liver fibrosis and repair: Immune regulation of wound healing in a solid organ. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014; 14: 181-94.

Pereira RL, Ibrahim T, Lucchetti L, da Silva AJR, de Moraes VLG. Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract and the polyacetylene isolated from Bidens pilosa L. Immunopharmacology 1999; 43: 31-37.

Post-White J, Ladas EJ, Kelly KM. Advances in the use of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Integr Cancer Ther. 2007; 6: 104-09.

Prakash B, Shukla R, Singh P, Mishra PK, Dubey NK, Kharwar RN. Efficacy of chemically characterized Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil as an anti-oxidant and a safe plant based antimicrobial against fungal and aflatoxin B1 contamination of spices. Food Res Intern. 2011; 44: 385-90.

Qi X. Protective mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Paeonia lactiflora for experimental liver damage. Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi= Chinese J Modern Develop Tradit Med. 1991; 11: 102-04.

Safer AM, Afzal M, Hanafy N, Mousa S. Green tea extract therapy diminishes hepatic fibrosis mediated by dual exposure to carbon tetrachloride and ethanol: A histopatho-logical study. Exp Ther Med. 2015; 9: 787-94.

Starkel P, Leclercq I. Animal models for the study of hepatic fibrosis. Best Prac Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2011; 25: 319-33.

Sun WY, Wei W, Wu L, Gui SY, Wang H. Effects and mecha-nisms of extract from Paeonia lactiflora and Astragalus membranaceus on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetra-chloride in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 112: 514-23.

Tanira MO, Ageel A, Tariq M, Mohsin A, Shah A. Evaluation of some pharmacological, microbiological and physical properties of Zizyphus spina-christi. Int J Crude Drug Res. 1988; 26: 56-60.

Tsai PJ, McIntosh J, Pearce P, Camden B, Jordan BR. Anthocyanin and anti-oxidant capacity in Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract. Food Res Int. 2002; 35: 351-56.

Tseng TH, Kao ES, Chu CY, Chou FP, Wu HWL, Wang CJ. Protective effects of dried flower extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. against oxidative stress in rat primary hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol. 1997; 35: 1159-64.

Uehara T, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. The DEN and CCl4â€induced mouse model of fibrosis and inflammationâ€associated hepa-tocellular carcinoma. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 2014: 14.30. 1-14.30. 10.

Vaknin Y, Hadas R, Schafferman D, Murkhovsky L, Bashan N. The potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), an Israeli native, as a source of edible sprouts rich in antioxidants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008; 59: 339-46.

Wang G, Lemos JR, Iadecola C. Herbal alkaloid tetrandrine: From an ion channel blocker to inhibitor of tumor proliferation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004; 25: 120-23.

WHO. Research guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines 1993. Available from: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2946e/.

Wills P, Asha V. Protective mechanism of Lygodium flexuosum extract in treating and preventing carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2007; 165: 76-85.

Wu J, Norton PA. Animal models of liver fibrosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996; 31: 1137-43.

Xu JF, Feng ZM, Liu J, Zhang PC. New hepatoprotective coumarinolignoids from Mallotus apelta. Chem Biodivers. 2008; 5: 591-97.

Young SC, Wang CJ, Lin JJ, Peng PL, Hsu JL, Chou FP. Protection effect of Piper betel leaf extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Arch Toxicol. 2007; 81: 45-55.

Yuan LP, Chen FH, Ling L, Dou PF, Bo H, Zhong MM, Xia LJ. Protective effects of total flavonoids of Bidens pilosa L. (TFB) on animal liver injury and liver fibrosis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116: 539-46.

Zhao J, Lu Z, Wang X, Zhang X. The study on the anti-oxidation effect of root of Mallotus apelta in the rat model of liver fibrosis. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = J Chinese Med Materials. 2002; 25: 185-87.

Published
2017-11-20

Apply citation style format of Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology

Section
Mini Review
Financial Support
Self-funded
Conflict of Interest
Authors declare no conflict of interest